Assembly Theory and its Relationship with Computational Complexity

Christopher Kempes, Sara I. Walker, Michael Lachmann, Leroy Cronin

Assembly theory (AT) quantifies selection using the assembly equation and identifies complex objects that occur in abundance based on two measurements, assembly index and copy number. The assembly index is determined by the minimal number of recursive joining operations necessary to construct an object from basic parts, and the copy number is how many of the given object(s) are observed. Together these allow defining a quantity, called Assembly, which captures the amount of causation required to produce the observed objects in the sample. AT’s focus on how selection generates complexity offers a distinct approach to that of computational complexity theory which focuses on minimum descriptions via compressibility. To explore formal differences between the two approaches, we show several simple and explicit mathematical examples demonstrating that the assembly index, itself only one piece of the theoretical framework of AT, is formally not equivalent to other commonly used complexity measures from computer science and information theory including Huffman encoding and Lempel-Ziv-Welch compression.

Read the full article at: arxiv.org

Hidden citations obscure true impact in science

Xiangyi Meng, Onur Varol, Albert-László Barabási Author Notes

PNAS Nexus, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2024, page 155,

References, the mechanism scientists rely on to signal previous knowledge, lately have turned into widely used and misused measures of scientific impact. Yet, when a discovery becomes common knowledge, citations suffer from obliteration by incorporation. This leads to the concept of hidden citation, representing a clear textual credit to a discovery without a reference to the publication embodying it. Here, we rely on unsupervised interpretable machine learning applied to the full text of each paper to systematically identify hidden citations. We find that for influential discoveries hidden citations outnumber citation counts, emerging regardless of publishing venue and discipline. We show that the prevalence of hidden citations is not driven by citation counts, but rather by the degree of the discourse on the topic within the text of the manuscripts, indicating that the more discussed is a discovery, the less visible it is to standard bibliometric analysis. Hidden citations indicate that bibliometric measures offer a limited perspective on quantifying the true impact of a discovery, raising the need to extract knowledge from the full text of the scientific corpus.

Read the full article at: academic.oup.com

Feedback: How to Destroy or Save the World — Péter Érdi

The book offers an exciting, non-technical intellectual journey around applying feedback control to emerging and managing local and global crises, thus keeping the world on a sustainable trajectory. There is a narrow border between destruction and prosperity: to ensure reasonable growth but avoid existential risk, we must find the fine-tuned balance between positive and negative feedback. This book addresses readers belonging to various generations, such as: young people growing up in a world where everything seems to be falling apart; people in their 30s and 40s who are thinking about how to live a fulfilling life; readers in their 50s and 60s thinking back on life; and Baby Boomers reflecting on their past successes and failures.

Read the full article at: link.springer.com

François Chollet on Deep Learning and the Meaning of Intelligence

Which is more intelligent, ChatGPT or a 3-year old? Of course this depends on what we mean by “intelligence.” A modern LLM is certainly able to answer all sorts of questions that require knowledge far past the capacity of a 3-year old, and even to perform synthetic tasks that seem remarkable to many human grown-ups. But is that really intelligence? François Chollet argues that it is not, and that LLMs are not ever going to be truly “intelligent” in the usual sense — although other approaches to AI might get there.

Listen at: www.preposterousuniverse.com

Heinz von Foerster’s operational epistemology: orientation for insight into complexity

Arantzazu Saratxaga Arregi
Kybernetes

Purpose

Based on the reception of the principle of self-organization, the core of Heinz von Foerster’s operational theories, I hypothesize how Heinz von Foerster’s theory can be an orientation model for the epistemological problem of complexity. I have chosen this study to demonstrate complexity as an epistemological problem. This is because the question of how order arises – the core problem of complexity – is an epistemological question for which Heinz von Foerster developed an epistemology of self-organization. I do not present new research because HvF already had the complex organization of systems in mind. Rather, I build a critical approach to complexity on the research and work on operational epistemology in HvF.

Design/methodology/approach

This article aims to provide an orientation for a philosophical and epistemological understanding of complexity through a reading of Heinz von Foerster’s operational theory. The article attempts to establish complexity as an epistemological phenomenon through the following method: (1) a conceptual description of the science of complexity based on the turn to thermodynamic time, (2) a genealogy of complexity going back to the systemic method, and (3) Heinz von Foerster’s cybernetic approach to self-organization.

Findings

Based on the reception of the principle of self-organization, the core of Heinz von Foerster’s operational theories, the conclusion is drawn that complexity as a description is based on language games.

Research limitations/implications

The results present complexity not as an object of science, but as a description that stands for the understanding of complex description.

Social implications

The hypothesis that complexity is a question of description or observation, i.e. of description for what language serves, has enormous social implications, in that the description of complexes and the recognition of their orders (patterns) cannot be left to algorithmic governmentality, but must be carried out by a social agency.