Jean-François Bonnefon Iyad Rahwan Azim Shariff

Moral psychology was shaped around three categories of agents and patients: humans, other animals, and supernatural beings. Rapid progress in Artificial Intelligence has introduced a fourth category for our moral psychology to deal with: intelligent machines. Machines can perform as moral agents, making decisions that affect the outcomes of human patients, or solving moral dilemmas without human supervi- sion. Machines can be as perceived moral patients, whose outcomes can be affected by human decisions, with important consequences for human-machine cooperation. Machines can be moral proxies, that hu- man agents and patients send as their delegates to a moral interaction, or use as a disguise in these interactions. Here we review the exper- imental literature on machines as moral agents, moral patients, and moral proxies, with a focus on recent findings and the open questions that they suggest.

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Roberto Murcio, Nilufer Sari Aslam, Joana Barros

Understanding human mobility is crucial for urban and transport studies in cities. People’s daily activities provide valuable insight, such as where people live, work, shop, leisure or eat during midday or after-work hours. However, such activities are changed due to travel behaviours after COVID-19 in cities. This study examines the mobility patterns captured from mobile phone apps to explore the behavioural patterns established since the COVID-19 lockdowns triggered a series of changes in urban environments.

Read the full article at: arxiv.org

Yuanzhao Zhang and Sean P. Cornelius

Phys. Rev. Research 5, 033213

Reservoir computing (RC) is a simple and efficient model-free framework for forecasting the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems from data. Here, we show that there exist commonly-studied systems for which leading RC frameworks struggle to learn the dynamics unless key information about the underlying system is already known. We focus on the important problem of basin prediction—determining which attractor a system will converge to from its initial conditions. First, we show that the predictions of standard RC models (echo state networks) depend critically on warm-up time, requiring a warm-up trajectory containing almost the entire transient in order to identify the correct attractor. Accordingly, we turn to next-generation reservoir computing (NGRC), an attractive variant of RC that requires negligible warm-up time. By incorporating the exact nonlinearities in the original equations, we show that NGRC can accurately reconstruct intricate and high-dimensional basins of attraction, even with sparse training data (e.g., a single transient trajectory). Yet, a tiny uncertainty in the exact nonlinearity can render prediction accuracy no better than chance. Our results highlight the challenges faced by data-driven methods in learning the dynamics of multistable systems and suggest potential avenues to make these approaches more robust.

Read the full article at: link.aps.org

RAFAEL PRIETO-CURIEL , GIAN MARIA CAMPEDELLI, AND ALEJANDRO HOPE
SCIENCE 21 Sep 2023 Vol 381, Issue 6664 pp. 1312-1316 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh2888

Mexican cartels lose many members as a result of conflict with other cartels and incarcerations. Yet, despite their losses, cartels manage to increase violence for years. We address this puzzle by leveraging data on homicides, missing persons, and incarcerations in Mexico for the past decade along with information on cartel interactions. We model recruitment, state incapacitation, conflict, and saturation as sources of cartel size variation. Results show that by 2022, cartels counted 160,000 to 185,000 units, becoming one of the country’s top employers. Recruiting between 350 and 370 people per week is essential to avoid their collapse because of aggregate losses. Furthermore, we show that increasing incapacitation would increase both homicides and cartel members. Conversely, reducing recruitment could substantially curtail violence and lower cartel size.

Read the full article at: www.science.org